Houtkooper, L. B., Stanford, V. A., Metcalfe, L. L., Lohman, T. G., & Going, S. B. (2007). Preventing osteoporosis the bone estrogen strength training way. ACSM's Health and Fitness Journal, 11(1), 21-27.
Abstract:
The purposes of this article are to demonstrate that (1) osteoporosis is a debilitating disease that leads to fragile bones and bone fractures, (2) osteoporosis cannot be cured but can be prevented, and (3) low bone mineral density is a characteristic of osteoporosis. The Bone Estrogen Strength Training study results will demonstrate the following: 1. Bone mineral density can be maintained or increased in postmenopausal women using a regime of adequate resistance and weight-bearing exercise training combined with adequate calcium intake in the short term (1 year) and the long term (4 years). 2. In addition to calcium, other nutrients (particularly iron) interacted with hormone replacement therapy use and influenced short-term (1 year) and long-term (4 years) bone mineral density changes in the Bone Estrogen Strength Training study participants. © 2007 American College of Sports Medicine.
Houtkooper, L. B., Going, S. B., Sproul, J., Blew, R. M., & Lohman, T. G. (2000). Comparison of methods for assessing body-composition changes over 1 y in postmenopausal women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 72(2).
Advances in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) software algorithms have improved the accuracy of this method for body-composition measurement.
Going, S. B., Going, S. B., Roe, D., Roe, D., Funk, J. L., Funk, J. L., Blew, R., Blew, R., Lee, V., Lee, V., Bea, J. W., Bea, J. W., Hetherington-Rauth, M., & Hetherington-Rauth, M. (2017). Relationship between fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk in preadolescent Hispanic girls. The Journal of Pediatrics.
Bunt, J. C., Going, S. B., Lohman, T. G., Heinrich, C. H., Perry, C. D., & Pamenter, R. W. (1990). Variation in bone mineral content and estimated body fat in young adult females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(5), 564-569.
PMID: 2233192;Abstract:
This study was designed to determine whether variability in bone mineral content (BMC) at the lumbar vertebrae (L2-4), radius shaft (RS), femoral neck, and distal radius can significantly contribute to the variability observed in body density (Db) among 89 females (age = 25.1 ± 5.3 yr) of varying activity levels and menstrual status. Theoretical differences in Db were calculated at ±1 and ±2 standard deviations of BMC (SD(BMC)) for the population as well as for the subgroups: eumenorrheic inactive controls (C), recreational runners (RR), collegiate runners (CR), body builders (BB), swimmers (S), and amenorrheic runners (AR). Multiple regression to predict Db yielded significant coefficients (b) for BMC at L2-4 (b = 0.0190, P 0.001) and RS (b = 0.0425, P 0.01) when added separately to the sum of four skinfolds (subscapula, abdomen, thigh, calf). The differences in % BF(HW) at ±1 and ±2 SD(BMC) for the sample mean for RS(BMC) were ±1.0% and ±2.0%, respectively. Variability in L2-4 contributed differences of ±1.3% and ±2.6% at ±1 and ±2 SD(BMC). The subgroup % BF(HW) differences (due to L2-4 and RS combined) ranged from an average overestimation of 1.3% for the AR to an average underestimation of 1.4% for the BB. Estimated mean errors for remaining groups were ≤ 0.5%. Individual differences ranged from a 3.3% underestimation (BB) to a 3.0% overestimation (AR). It is concluded that variability in BMC among young adult females may significantly contribute to variability in Db, independent of fatness. While the impact of high or low bone mineral content on %BF(HW) is modest for most individuals, those athletes with extremely high or low BMC values may require adjustments in the equations used to convert Db to %BF. It is suggested that correlations between Db and total BMC (or BM density) be evaluated in a similar manner as presented here before stronger conclusions can be made concerning the impact of bone on estimations of %BF.
Farrell, V. A., Harris, M., Lohman, T. G., Going, S. B., Thomson, C. A., Weber, J. L., & Houtkooper, L. B. (2009). Comparison between Dietary Assessment Methods for Determining Associations between Nutrient Intakes and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(5), 899-904.
PMID: 19394478;Abstract:
It is important to identify the role of nutrition in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. The goal of this study was to compare the equivalency of nutrient intakes assessed by diet records and the Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire and the associations of these nutrients with bone mineral density (BMD). This is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data that was analyzed from six cohorts (fall 1995 to fall 1997) of postmenopausal women (n=244; 55.7±4.6 years) participating in a 12-month, block-randomized, clinical trial. One-year dietary intakes were assessed using 8 days of diet records and the Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire. Participants' BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L2-L4), femur trochanter, femur neck, Ward's triangle, and total body using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression analyses (P≤0.05) were adjusted for the effects of exercise, hormone therapy use, body weight at 1 year, years post menopause, and total energy intake. Significant correlations (r=0.30 to 0.70, P≤0.05) between dietary assessment methods were found with all dietary intake variables. Iron and magnesium were consistently and significantly positively associated with BMD at all bone sites regardless of the dietary assessment method. Zinc, dietary calcium, phosphorous, potassium, total calcium, and fiber intakes were positively associated with BMD at three or more of the same bone sites regardless of the dietary assessment method. Protein, alcohol, caffeine, sodium, and vitamin E did not have any similar BMD associations. Diet records and the Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire are acceptable dietary tools used to determine the associations of particular nutrients and BMD sites in healthy postmenopausal women. © 2009 American Dietetic Association.
