Welk, G., Going, S., Morrow, J., & Meredith, M. (2011). Development of New Criterion-Referenced Fitness Standards in the FITNESSGRAM Program: Rationale and Conceptual Overview. Am J Prev Supplement, 41(6), S63-S67.
Mullins, V. A., Houtkooper, L. B., Howell, W. H., Going, S. B., & Brown, C. H. (2001). Nutritional status of U.S. elite female heptathletes during training. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 11(3), 299-314.
PMID: 11591881;Abstract:
This study describes the body composition, dietary nutrient intake, dietary practices, and biochemical indices of iron status of elite female American heptathletes during training. Four-day diet records and dietary practice questionnaires were obtained from 19 female heptathletes (26 ± 3 years) during the training season. Anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were obtained at the lowest phase of the training cycle. These athletes had a low body fat (13.8 ± 2.7%) and high fat-free mass to height ratios (33.0 ± 2.0 kg/m). Average nutrient intakes were > 67% of the reference intakes for all nutrients except vitamin E. Most dietary nutrient densities were higher than NHANES III nutrient densities for women 20-29 years old. More than 50% of the athletes took vitamin supplements and monitored their hydration status. Fifteen of the 17 athletes reported a normal menstrual cycle. Markers of biochemical iron status were all within the normal range. On average, these athletes were lean with high levels of fat free mass, adequate nutrient intakes, and normal biochemical indices of iron status. However, individual data reveals considerable variability within this group.
Williams, D. P., Going, S. B., & Lohman, T. G. (1992). Erratum: Body fatness and risk for elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, and serum lipoprotein ratios in children and adolescents (Am J Public Health (1992) 82 (358-363)). American Journal of Public Health, 82(4), 527-.
Nelson, D., Beck, T., Wu, G., Lewis, C., Bassford, T., Cauley, J., Going, S., & Chen, Z. (2011). Ethnic differences in femur geometry in the Women s Health: Initiative Observational Study. Osteoporosis Int, 22(5), 1377-88.
Jackson, R. D., Wright, N. C., Beck, T. J., Sherrill, D., Cauley, J. A., Lewis, C. E., Lacroix, A. Z., Leboff, M. S., Going, S., Bassford, T., & Chen, Z. (2011). Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation has limited effects on femoral geometric strength in older postmenopausal women: The Women's Health initiative. Calcified Tissue International, 88(3), 198-208.
PMID: 21253715;PMCID: PMC3726200;Abstract:
Calcium plus vitamin D (CaD) supplementation has a modest but significant effect on slowing loss of femoral bone mass and reducing risk of hip fractures in adherent postmenopausal women. The goal of this study was to determine if CaD supplementation influences hip structural parameters that are associated with fracture risk. We studied 1,970 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial of CaD at one of three bone mineral density (BMD) clinical centers. Hip structural analysis software measured BMD and strength parameters on DXA scans at three regions: femoral narrow neck, intertrochanter, and shaft. Random effects models were used to test the average differences in hip BMD and geometry between intervention and placebo. There was greater preservation of hip BMD at the narrow neck with CaD relative to placebo across 6 years of intervention. CaD also altered the underlying cross-sectional geometry at the narrow neck in the direction of greater strength, with small increases in cross-sectional area and section modulus and a decrease in buckling ratio with CaD relative to placebo. While trends at both the intertrochanter and shaft regions were similar to those noted at the narrow neck, no significant intervention effects were evident. There was no significant interaction of CaD and age or baseline calcium levels for hip structural properties. CaD supplementation is associated with modest beneficial effects on hip structural features at the narrow neck, which may explain some of the benefit of CaD in reducing hip fracture risk. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
